Theoritical Approach Definition Banking Innovation Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 10 Words: 3061 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Compare and contrast essay Did you like this example? To start with , bank can be defined as an establishment authorized by the government for the safekeeping of money. In other words, it is an institution to receive deposits, make loans, act as an intermediary in financial transactions and provide other services to its customer. The bank have the duty of controlling liquidity , fixed exchange rate according to market forces and securing information about each customer. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Theoritical Approach Definition Banking Innovation Finance Essay" essay for you Create order Innovation can be defined as a process by which a new invention is being introduced in the society. In order to be called innovation , an idea must be replicable at an economical cost and must satisfy a specific need, Banking innovation can be defined as the new developments and invention in the banking sector to benefit and facilitate the task of the society. According to Tornatzky and Fleischer (1990), innovation means the introduction of new technology in the environment which will eventually benefits the task of people. The banking sector is in progress as more and more new banking innovation is being introduced in the society making the routine tasks of the people more simple. Banks no longer restricted themselves to traditional banking activities but explore new avenues. Diederen (1990) showed that information technology is vital in the banking sector for the prospects and improvements in the financial transaction. Also customer service is an additional form of banking in novation being offered. As said by Hanson (2000) , customer service is present in order to help customers to facilitate their task regarding banking sector. In other words , it helps people to adapt themselves to the new banking innovation. 2.2 Banking Innovation : Benefits and Drawbacks Internet Banking Internet banking exists only on the internet. It allows customers to conduct financial transactions on a secure website operated by their bank. In other words , it make banking more convenient for customers as they can use their personal computer to access any information they have the rights to acquire. In addition, it is very advantageous for busy customers as they can gain access to their accounts from home or office. Internet banking facilitate tasks like payment of bills, account enquiries, exchange rate information, recharging mobile phone credit , fund transfer, loan application and application for new accounts. Also, with internet banking, it is more quickly and convenient as the task can be done more quickly rather than queuing at the bank. According to Booz (1997), the expense for using internet banks is about twenty per cent whereas on the other hand , expense for normal banks is about sixty per cent and hence expenditures on paper slips and forms decreases and this can help the profit margin of the bank to increase. In addition, Sathye (1999) added that internet banking is the most profitable tool for providing services to customers. Furst et al (2002) said that there are two types of internet banking which are firstly an established website where every customer gain access to their respective bank through the internet and secondly, the internet-only bank and this type of internet banking have no main branch and it rely only on computer server. However , internet banking may also have some disadvantages. An illiterate person may not be fully aware of how to use the internet banking rather in the normal bank , he can go to some employee of the bank to ask for solutions. Also forgery can be an important factor against internet banking. User name and password may be hack and in such case, people loses their money without knowing. There can also have technical breakdowns that is , banking websites go down. Phone Banking Phone banking is a service provided by the bank to enable customer who possess a phone and a bank account to carry various banking operations like checking their account balances, exchange rate information , transfer of funds between two accounts and many others. Also, there is no queuing at the bank as the services can be accessed anywhere using the phone. It is also more convenient for customers and reduces paperwork of the bank. According to Laukkanen (2007), mobile banking with good connection improve service quality as customers can perform financial transaction regardless of time and place. Hence this can brought forward a close relationship between the banks and the customers. According to the Federal Reserve Study (2012), 21% of people possessing a mobile are using the services of mobile banking. However, the procedure using the phone banking might be long. The data transmission is not fast when comparing with internet banking. Also there may not have enough security when u sing phone banking while comparing with other banking innovation. Automated Teller Machine ( ATM ) Card It is an electronic banking outlet which allows customers to perform certain banking transactions without the aid of a branch representatives. ATM card is also known as bank card , client card , key card or cash card. Mc Nally and Abernathy (1989) quoted only one advantage : the cost of each transaction is lower when the ATM is used as opposed to a live teller. After the installation of the ATM machines , services to customers like withdrawing of funds , balance enquiries and transferring of funds from current account to savings account are allowed outside the bank. In addition , money can be withdrawn at any time of the day or night. It also reduce workload of banks staff , provide services with no error and prove to be beneficial for travellers as there is no need to carry large amount of money. However there are few pitfalls of ATM as fraudulent card readers called skimmers can be placed over authentic reader in order to capture numbers and codes to thieves. Also, thieves norma lly are aware that people leaving the ATM destination must be having withdrawn money and hence the customers are attacked. In addition , a bank fees is charged when removing money from the ATM. Also illiterate person would not be comfortable with is new technology. Gilly and Zeithaml (1985) said that senior citizens would less likely be adapted with ATM and they would prefer to go to the bank itself. Credit Cards Credit cards have been a part of daily transaction since the 19th century. Franklin National Bank issued the first bank credit card in 1952. It is a payment card issued to customers for payment. It can be used instead of cash for purchasing. There is sometimes great competition in the credit card industry and hence some banks often offer gift vouchers in order to attract customers. According to White (1975) , credit cards enable the purchase of goods and services without the need to have the money present at the time of purchasing. Usually a credit limit is available which the customer can do their purchases and payment be done at a later date. At the end of each month, the cardholder receive a statement indicating his amount owed. Brito and Hartley (1995) said that credit card can serve customer a means of precautionary money available to them. Even large purchases can be cover depending on the credit limit. Credit cards avoid fraud, that is only the exact amount will be paid from the card. At the point of sale , there is a system known as electronic verification which verify whether the card is valid or not and checking whether the customer has sufficient credit to meet the purchases. It is also advantageous for the merchants as credit card is a more secure way of receiving payment than liquid cash as this would discourage theft. It is also more convenient when travelling than carrying cash and can meet unexpected emergencies like car repairs or health needs. As said by Feinberg (1986), credit cards encourages spending and hence decreasing the ability of consumers to save for future needs. In other words it reduces the buying power as the credit used must be repaid. It encourages debt and bankruptcy if not used wisely. Also further interest charges are added if the amount owed is not paid fully. Debit Cards It is a plastic card that enable cardholder to perform financial transactions or withdraw money through the Automatic Teller Machine. The first debit card was introduced in UK in the year 1987.With the use of a debit card , purchases can be made hence decreasing the need of carrying money everywhere and an interest is earn on the deposit that is available on the debit card. Also online products can be purchased with the use of the debit card. As said by king and king (2005) , the usage of debit cards increases because consumers are worried about the credit that should be repaid later after making purchases when using credit cards. Unlike credit cards , debit cards allows customer to stay within the budget as only the money available in the account can be spend. Debit cards are accepted more easily by merchants rather than personal cheque. However, there are some drawbacks associated with debit cards. If the card is lost , you can lose all money available in the account as pin code can be easily found with the new technologies. Doing purchases online is not always advantageous as it encourages online scam threat , that is , the card can be used to make unauthorized transactions by hackers. Also , debit card is not acceptable everywhere to make purchases , like small shops or markets, hence in such places liquid cash is a better option. Smart Cards Smart card was invented in 1973 by a Frenchman named Roland Marino. Smart card known as the electronic wallet looks the same as a credit card in size and shape. As said by Fancher (1997), smart cards contains a single chip micro controller embedded in the plastic, hence large amounts of data can be stored in it. The level of security when using a smart card is quite high as data can only be accessible only if the Personal Identification Number (PIN) is typed. Like credit cards, smart card can also store financial information. Moreover, it can store business information , telephone numbers and personal information given its high level of data storage. However , data stored on a smart card cannot be altered. Once stored , it is forever. Also , smart card is more exprensive than other ordinary card readers. Electronic money Electronic money . also known as digital money , electronic cash , electronic currency , cyber currency or e-money can be defined as money which is exchanged electronically. The use of computer network, internet and digital stored value systems is essential for using the electronic money. There are two types of electronic money that exists which are identified e-money and anonymous e-money. Identified e-money contains information about the person who withdrew the money. On the other hand , anonymous e-money looks like real paper cash and once money is withdrawn from an account , no identification of the person can be made. There also exists two types of approaches of electronic money , that is online e-money and offline e-money. Online e-money can be defined as the interaction with a bank to conduct a transaction with another person. The use of credit cards at the point of sale can be a good example as the banks computer would indicate whether the card is valid or not on the spot . However the bank has to maintain a detailed and up-to-date database. On the other hand , offline e-money is when a transaction is done without involving a bank directly. However if a double spender is found , the prevention may not be immediate. An example of offline e-money would be smart card. IMPACT OF BANKING INNOVATION According to Joseph and Stone (2003) , the new banking innovation in recent years like automated teller machines and internet banking services has increased customers confidence and market share. The more banking innovation being introduced in a country can lead to a more perfect economic development. Levine (1997) identified five characteristics which shows its contribution to economic development. These are savings mobilization, controlling of risks, proper allocation of resources, corporate control and enable the trading of goods and services. Also , with banking innovation , the bank branches would be less crowded with people as computer literate people would prefer doing the transaction through the internet. Also, the fact that most of the transactions are computerized hence there will be less paper work. Also, in case of emergency , money can be withdrawn from the ATM regardless of time. However banking innovation may not prove to be beneficial for all people. Many people may lose their jobs at the bank branches because many financial transaction are being processed through the internet. Also, illiterate people may not fully adapt themselves to these form of innovation. They would not benefit the same as literate person as they must go to the branches itself to perform the transaction though it could have been done at home itself. Also , they might be getting a lot of difficulty to use ATM machine as the steps and instructions to follow are normally written in English. Moreover inventing and doing research on new tools in the banking sector like credit cards , debit cards, the automated teller machine and smart cards cost a lot of money. EMPIRICAL APPROACH Theories of Banking Innovation and Literature Review According to Dannenberg and keller (1998) , retail banking is severely affected with the use of internet banking as normally retails banks process financial transactions directly with the customers. Hence internet banking would not allow close relationship between the bank and customer. However, Dannenberg and keller (1998) also found a possibility to let both the customers and the bank to communicate person-to-person that is , by using video conferencing. Sujit Chakravorti (2003) has studied that credit cards provide only benefits to merchants and consumers and also proved that it is better than other payment cards while comparing the number of transactions being processed over the last 20 years. The latter also conducted a discussion about credit card network about how to tackle the challenges. Moreover, in 2006 ,a model was constructed by Sujit Chakravorti to study consumers , card issuer and merchants. According to this model , three interesting results were found. Firstly , if cost of funds of the issuer is low and the profit margin earned by the merchant is high then the issuer grant credit cards to selected consumers to increase sales of merchants. Secondly , the ability of issuer to charge high discount fees depends upon the number of customers using credit cards. Thirdly , every merchants profit decreases in the next period when they all started to accept credit cards , hence an intertemporal effect is arised. Hayashi and Klee (2003) examined the use of debit cards by consumers. The latter used the data from the year 2001 in order to get a survey about how much uses the internet and hence found that the literate persons using technology are more adapted the new form of payment that is , the use of debit cards. However whether to use debit card or not depends upon the type of purchase being made. He also pointed out that personal preferences and transaction-specific factors are important. According to the study of Adams and Thieben (1991) o f training people over fifty years old to use Automated Teller Machine , they found that the type of training provided is not sufficient for the usage of the ATM. Hence , the fact that banks provide little training opportunities , people must learn on their own about how to use the ATM. Hatta and Liyama (1991) also studied that people can use ATM successfully without any instructions. They found that the first try for deposits was 69% , 53% for the transferring of funds between two accounts and 58% for the withdrawing of funds. They also believe that practice makes perfect. However , both studies shows that there is a need train people to use the ATM. Hatta and Liyama ( 1991) suggest that the design of the ATM should be taken into consideration in order to facilitate the people trying to use ATM for the first time. According to the study of Suoranta (2003) , she found that people using phone banking are normally between the age groups 25 to 34 years old and must be literate. She also found that some people prefer mobile banking rather than internet banking services. Hence the users of internet banking and phone banking would differ. Suoranta (2003) also said that it is vital for the service provider to be aware of the differences between users of internet banking and phone banking so that they can correctly make better allocation of resources and marketing strategies to be brought forward. The aim of this research done by Suoranta (2003) was simply to know how users of phone banking differ from that of internet banking. A study was carried forward by Lunt (1992) in order to examine the factors that increase the card usage in USA when consumers have many credit cards. He found that consumers uses one credit card rather than the other because of advantages like low interest rates and also the amount of credit limit being offered. Lunt ( 1992) also noted that the number of people using credit cards in USA is constantly increasing because of the high credit limits being offered to them. He also said that US credit cards banks uses techniques like giving bonus on cash at bank and no annual fee to be paid in order to encourage card holder. Another similar study was carried by Kaynak and Harcar ( 2001) to examine consumer behavior towards the ownership of credit card in Turkey and found that the structure of the card , the choice and attitudes of the cardholders that matters for the type of credit cards to be used. Boeschoten (1992) studied the impact of payment cards on cash demand in Netherlands. On the data collected in 1990 from household surveys , he examined how the automated teller machine , credit cards and debit cards cause an impact of the cash demand in Netherlands. Boeschoten (1992) said that the coefficient of a dummy variable when measuring the usage of ATM is not large for the amount of cash in the purse and the same case is for debit cards, that is , it does not affect purse cash demand. However when focusing on the ove rall cash demand rather than purse cash demand , then he found out that the constant use of debit card and ATM decreases the cash in hand by 15% and 18% respectively. According to Duca and Whitesell (1995), the cardholder normally do not check their money balances frequently. Duca and Whitesell (1995) conducted a study and showed that if the percentage of people holding a card is 10% hence 9% of cardholders would not bother about checking their bank balances regularly. He also highlighted that a variable and a sample is important when studying with these data.

The Mental Disabilities Include Autism, Down Syndrome And

The mental disabilities include autism, Down syndrome and many more. They need support from their parents, guardians, teachers, the government, and anyone else is taking part in their day-to-day lives. Such children need attention so that they do not miss on the important parts of their lives. This study aims to look at the people involved in their lives and the roles and responsibilities they play. For those children and young people who researchers identify as having such needs, will be hard to attain the support they need. It takes a long for the families with children with such conditions to know that they need extra support. The support system that is available to the young individuals and children is very complex. 2. Clegg, S.†¦show more content†¦It will determine the young person or child’s needs across health care and education. 3. Deci, E.L., Koestner, R. Ryan, R.M. (2001). Extrinsic Rewards and Intrinsic Motivation in Education: Reconsidered Once Again. Review of Educational Research, 71(1), 1-27. Authors have noticed that there is a replacement of special needs and learning-difficulty assessment statements with a health care and education plan for the young individuals and children with complex requirements. The government should provide an option of personal funds for those with health care and educational plans so that they can decide on which services are suitable for their children and families. The local commissioners should work together effectively for the better of children with disability needs and bettering the communication among the different services provided. 4. Kincheloe, J. (1991). Teachers as researchers: Qualitative inquiry as a path to empowerment. New York: Falmer. In the past, education colleges did not have special educational needs functions. The necessities that relate to academies show the needs presently in the funding agreement of the majority signed the US Academies Act 2010. 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Holistic and interconnected Example For Students

Holistic and interconnected Outline1 Olivia Wray 13AL ASSIGNMENT 4 UNIT 32 Holistic and interconnected3 Different rates but loosely the same sequence4 Nature/Nurture Argument5 THEORIES- nature/ raising argument6 Phases and sequences- normal scopes of development7 Percentiles8 Physical development9 Gross and all right motor accomplishments10 0-311 3-712 7-1213 12-1614 Emotional development15 Attachment16 Development of multiple fond regards17 Self-concept18 Personal individuality19 Bowlby20 Freud21 Emotional development of older kids22 0-323 3-724 7-1225 12-1626 Social development27 Pro societal behavior28 Moral development29 Development of aggression30 Pull offing unwanted behavior31 Conditioning32 Support33 Social acquisition34 Imitation35 Role theoretical accounts36 Cognitive and linguistic communication development37 Vision38 Hearing39 Expression40 Address41 Piaget42 Bruner43 Chomsky44 Cognitive and linguistic communication development of older kids45 0-346 3-747 7-1248 12-16 Olivia Wray 13AL ASSIGNMENT 4 UNIT 3 Holistic and interconnected The development of kids is frequently studied as separate subjects, for illustration their different accomplishments are viewed and measured in different ways. However, each country of development influences the others, and is interconnected. Each different development accomplishment is seen otherwise in every kid. Holistic ; can be viewed as PIES, physical rational emotional and societal development. Physical development is a gradual procedure by which kids develop the usage and control of musculuss. Intellectual development is sometimes called cognitive development, it s a procedure by which thought procedures develop so kids are able to increase their cognition and apprehension of the universe around them ; societal development involves kids larning how to develop relationships and interact with other people. Emotional development is the procedure of a kid developing an apprehension of, and commanding their ain emotions and larning to show and command emotions that they show to others. The most of import old ages for the holistic and interrelated development of kids are most of import in the age scope 0-3. Different rates but loosely the same sequence Because kids develop at different rates, parents and defenders frequently worry their kid is non developing or turning at the right rate. However, because kids grow and develop at different rates, it s normally still in the same sequence, and the differences are merely minute. This means that kids will larn to make things at different ages to each other, but they will hold learned things in the same order. An illustration may be that some kids might be able to walk at the age one, where as other might non be able to, until they are 18 months. All kids s mileposts will be met when they are ready, nevertheless a kid can non walk before they can sit up, the order in which we learn to make things is a ‘norm , it s the lone manner our organic structure will work and work right, or else we would non develop at the right rate. All kids are different and alone in different ways, and when they are turning parents and defenders frequently compare their kid s development and growing to other kids and the stat mi rocks, nevertheless, as kids will develop and turn at different times, they will by and large be rather similar unless they have a turning lack or some other familial job that may impact their growing. Nature/Nurture Argument It has already been considered that the influence of nature and raising in the development of babes and kids can be viewed as a argument, but there are other contentions environing the rule of development, the nature nurture argument can turn into an statement, as different parents have different parenting accomplishments, and convey their kids up with different disciplinary accomplishments etc. An illustration of the nature raising argument is what Developmental psychologists say and their differing positions about the nature of the alteration in development. The issue of quantitative and qualitative alteration raises interesting inquiries, for parents besides. When a kid is born ‘clever , it can be questioned whether their parent have a batch of money and could merely supply the relevant and best stuffs for their instruction, this is merely an illustration. Children may make mileposts of development at different ages. For illustration, when kids take their first measure or state their first word, can change greatly. Milestones are frequently used to mensurate development, such as when a kid can sit without support. These mileposts have to be used with attention as the whole ( or holistic ) development of a kid should be considered before pulling any decisions. However, there is by and large recognized scope of normal development. Following a milepost, is nt the best manner to supervise a kid s development, as every kid is single and will change significantly. THEORIES- nature/ raising argument The nature-nurture argument is about whether kids s development is influenced by nature ( the consequence of inherited ) or raising ( environmental factors ) . Because every individual who is a parent or guardian, hopes for their kid to be happy and healthy, and develop at the expected stat mi rock rates, parents find conveying up their kids and giving them the best truly of import for a successful development. The potency for growing and development is affected by familial factors. This is called the interaction with nature. In add-on, factors within our environment influence development. This is called the interaction of raising. There is much argument about how much and in what manner either nature and/ nurture affects the procedure of development- known as the nature-nurture argument. Supporters of the nature side of the statement believe that intelligence is congenital, or innate, and the kid s cistrons have determined their cognitive potency. Supporters of raising believe that environmental factors, such as the kid s stimulating experiences in the early old ages, have a strong influence on cognitive development. It is by and large considered that both nature and raising interact and influence the developmental procedure. Phases and sequences- normal scopes of development Children develop at different rates for a assortment of grounds. However, development does follow the same sequence. The upper portion of the organic structure, particularly the encephalon and caput, develops quickly, while the lower portion of the organic structure follows more easy. This is called caput to toe or cephalo-caudal development. Besides, development starts from the Centre outwards. This is called inner to outer or proximodistal development. Hence, a babe can keep its caput up before it can stand and can beckon its weaponries around before it develops all right control over the usage of its custodies. As there is no such thing as ‘normal development , it can be hard to follow phases and sequences, as development is single, and cant be measured in comparing to any one else s. Percentiles Percentile charts aid to maintain a record of your kid s growing and development. Percentile charts are of import for maintaining path of persons and comparing their highs weight and other bodily measurings, to expected mileposts. Physical development Gross and all right motor accomplishments Gross motor accomplishments are the big musculuss of the organic structure that enable maps such as walking, keeping balance, co ordination, jumping and stretch. During development kids reach mileposts harmonizing to their development separately. At the same clip as a kid s gross motor motions are developing, so are their all right motor accomplishments. In order for kids to develop motor control, kids need to: Practice to better and get the hang the accomplishment Concentrate on little parts of the overall accomplishment, e.g. kids learn to put two pess to a step before developing the more complex accomplishment of alternate pess action. Pay a batch of attending to the action ; subsequently they can make the action about automatically. Have experience of a scope of motion activities to develop their memory of motor actions enabling them to get by with more complex state of affairss. 0-3 Newborn babes are born with certain physiological reactions. These are nonvoluntary, automatic, physical responses, triggered by a stimulation and determined by urges in nervousnesss. Everybody has some physiological reactions, for illustration articulatio genuss jerk when tapped, which you do non larn to make ; they are congenital. This means you can non command whether you react or non, nevertheless as we get older we become more cognizant of reactions in our organic structures and what stimulates our organic structures. The big motions include gross motor actions, which involve the usage of the whole limb, for illustration when hopping. Besides locomotor accomplishments which are motions needed to go, for illustration creep and walking. These gross motor accomplishments will develop through out your life, babes frequently are flexible and as they grow and acquire older, they become less flexible, this is merely an illustration of how motor accomplishments will develop and alter, impacting kids and babes lives as they begin to make things for themselves and supply for themselves, this relates to the nature nurture argument as it is argued by some that our natural ways of fending for ourselves could be mistaken for the manner we are brought up and the environment we are brought up in. Reflexes enable babes to last, for illustration seeking and so taking their nutrient. At such a immature age gross and all right motor accomplishments are highly of import as they will necessitate to be able to fend for themselves and be able to make things for them egos as they get older, although through a batch of early kid hood everything s done for you, by the age of three you normally start traveling to a attention arrangement, where everything buzzword be done for you, and this is when kids truly do hold to utilize their developed accomplishments and get down developing new 1s. For each single kid they will develop and turn at different rates, this includes their gross motor accomplishments. The forms in which kids develop can depend on many things, and at such a immature age, the babe now will entirely depend on their parent/carer. However kids are invariably larning new ways in traveling, experimenting with their organic structures and larning new things about how they can travel and ‘travel . The babes physiological reactions will depend on how they react to some things, once more, every kid is different, as some kids will be physically stronger than others whilst others will be more tame and ‘sensitive , doing their physiological reactions and reaction rates different. The factor s that may impact kids s development is their physical province, for illustration their weight, and their musculus tone. As kids between 0 and 3 old ages, will be turning at a rapid rate, it can sometimes be hard to be cognizant of both gross motor and all right motor accomplishments. As a kid learns intellectually, with different stuffs and playthings, they will utilize a figure of appreciation and accomplishments to command and bask what they are making successfully. For illustration a 6 month twelvemonth old is non traveling to be able to command the motion of a crayon ; nevertheless an 18 month twelvemonth old may be able to pull basic forms, at least to the extent where you can state what the image is of. This illustration shows the rates in which babes and kids are altering, and the rates in which they become more and more cognizant of different accomplishments that they can utilize. Fine motor and gross motor accomplishments will be learnt and put into pattern by different persons at different times and in different ways. From researching gross motor and all right motor accomplishments I now know that, physical visual aspect will impact rational ideas, every bit pathetic as it may look kids s larning ability can be affected by their assurance and consciousness ; if a kid does nt hold the assurance to seek new accomplishments and ways of making things at such a immature age, they clearly wont be confident plenty in their hereafter, the times when they need to make things for themselves and fend for themselves. 3-7 By the age 3-7 kids s gross motor and all right motor accomplishments have developed. Not all kids develop at the expected stat mi rocks but in schools and babys rooms there are outlooks which expect to be met, grownup outlooks will act upon kids to develop accomplishments and will so be praised and rewarded for developing them. Runs good, Marches, drives trike. Can feed self. Pours from jug. Put options on places and socks, buttons and unbuttons. Physiques 10- block tower. Is awkward when cutting with scissors. Can rinse face and frock ego except for binding places. Throws ball overhand. Has tonss of energy. Hops, skips, and has good balance. Dresss without aid and ties places. Can publish simple letters. Is right or left handed? Competes with friends. Loves to cut, color, and form things. Has tonss of energy. Likes larning how to utilize tools. Can bathe and dress with a small aid from parents. Is losing babe dentitions and turning lasting dentitions I have taken these points from a figure of topographic points which I have researched. These are merely mean things kids may be able to make, nevertheless, some kids might be able to make more or less. 7-12 At this age, kids can skip on either leg, and balance good along little infinites, their infinite acknowledgment has improved and they are more cognizant of what is possible and non. The gross motor accomplishments at this age have increased in both staying powers and truth, they are besides more able to command their bodily actions, and have developed a figure of accomplishments. 12-16 Between the ages of 12-16, kids will hold developed most or all of their all right motor and gross motor accomplishments. As these kids have gone through different phases of instruction they will hold picked accomplishments up and used them in their mundane lives, without even cognizing. For illustration keeping a pen and commanding it to compose in both coil and print, this is a endowment to be able to make, even though the kids think its merely normal, it does necessitate a figure of accomplishments and concentration. 12-16, is the age when pubescence starts, and as research has shown kids now will get down to hunger independency, this makes kids want to research with their organic structures more and utilize different techniques when making things, such as larning a new athletics, or taking up a avocation such as art. Emotional development Attachment In kids attachment and bonding is a procedure in which immature kids form close and loving relationships with their household, and other of import people in their lives, such as brothers and sisters, and close friends. Even their early twelvemonth s attention workers will hold a relationship with the kid, and it will be so close that they have built trust and a bond. Fine Arts EssayImitation A younger kid imitates the other kid s behavior, e.g. a younger kid may copy an older kid s usage of bad linguistic communication. Role theoretical accounts Children may see members of their household as function theoretical accounts. For case, an older sibling gets a repute at school for acting severely so the younger kid feels the demand to follow the household tradition by utilizing the other kid as a function theoretical account. Adults may reenforce this form of behavior by their outlooks based on their cognition of the household. Cognitive and linguistic communication development Vision Baby s ocular sensory system is nt to the full maturate at birth, nevertheless during the early old ages, babes develop and mature oculus sight, intending they are able to physically see, and develop stimulations, doing them to be able to foster off. Babies looked at the face-pattern more than anything else presented to them, intending they become familiar of faces of household members, parents and anyone involved in their early life, instead than other things such as playthings, or books. Fantz a child psychologist that I have researched, concluded that babes have an congenital penchant to react to faces and an unconditioned perceptual cognition of the face. However other surveies carried out have shown that babes have a penchant for progressively complex forms and their capacity for distinguishing forms steadily develops. From Fantz s research he found out that babes at a really immature age are cognizant of coloring material form and forms, and make start to hold penchants before they know what something is. Besides, his survey showed that when a kid is larning to talk etc, seeing a form they like, for illustration a strawberry, will assist them retrieve, state and understand the word. Hearing From birth babes seem to hold an congenital penchant for hearing the human voice. Condor and Sanders carried out some experiments on babes that were merely a few hours old, and the experiment showed that babes reacted to the voice of other worlds, and physically reacted by making such things as traveling their weaponries and doing noises, this showed their involvement in human voices and that they can respond, even at a truly immature age. Expression As it has been suggested that in the first 2 old ages of life ; it is the chief clip of growing and alteration, both physically and mentally. Babies experiment with and larn from the environment around them. Beyond physical, thought, and linguistic communication undertakings, babes are larning about societal and emotional undertakings. Early twelvemonth s research led experts to believe that emotions are learned through human interaction, but newer research leads experts to believe that some emotions are of course happening and instinctual from birth. This leads to the nature raising argument. Babies can experience involvement, hurt, disgust, and felicity from birth, and can pass on these through facial looks and organic structure position. Babies begin demoing a self-generated societal smiling about age 2 to 3 months, and get down to express joy spontaneously around age 4 months. In add-on, between ages 2 and 6 months, babies express other feelings such as choler, unhappiness, surprise, and fright. Between ages 5 and 6 months, babes begin to exhibit unusual anxiousness. They do non like it when other people hold or play with them, and they will demo this uncomfortableness visibly. Previously, they would smile at anyone and let them to keep them. However, during this clip babes are larning non merely how to demo their ain feelings, but besides how to detect others feelings. Around age 4 months, babies can get down separating the different emotional looks of others. Subsequently, around age 6 months, babes begin to mime the emotions and looks they see in others. Particularly their parents and other close household members Address Speech develops as our encephalon and environment develops. Young kids can happen it hard to use address or the significances of what they are stating, as they frequently merely reiterate what they have heard, sometimes non cognizing the significance, so they find it difficult to state or even retrieve the word, as it can hold no important significance. Because address development happens through how their lingua is shaped or how they pronounce certain letters, intending both nature and raising affects a kid s address. Piaget Piaget provided no concise description of the development procedure as a whole. Broadly talking it consisted of a rhythm: The kid performs an action which has an consequence on or organizes objects, and the kid is able to observe the features of the action and its effects. Through repeated actions, possibly with fluctuations or in different contexts or on different sorts of objects, the kid is able to distinguish and incorporate its elements and effects. This is the procedure of reflecting abstraction ( described in item in Piaget 2001 ) . At the same clip, the kid is able to place the belongingss of objects by the manner different sorts of action affect them. This is the procedure of empirical abstraction . By reiterating this procedure across a broad scope of objects and actions, the kid establishes a new degree of cognition and penetration. This is the procedure of organizing a new cognitive phase . This double procedure allows the kid to build new ways of covering with objects and new cognition about objects themselves. However, one time the kid has constructed these new sorts of cognition, he or she starts to utilize them to make still more complex objects and to transport out still more complex actions. As a consequence, the kid starts to acknowledge still more complex forms and to build still more complex objects. Thus a new phase Begins, which will merely be completed when all the kid s activity and experience have been re-organized on this still higher degree. Bruner Bruner s thoughts are based on classification: To comprehend is to categorise, to gestate is to categorise, to larn is to organize classs, to do determinations is to categorise. Bruner maintains people interpret the universe in footings of its similarities and differences. He has besides suggested that there are two primary manners of idea: the narrative manner and the paradigmatic manner. In narrative thought, the head engages in consecutive, action-oriented, detail-driven idea. In paradigmatic thought, the head transcends specialnesss to accomplish systematic, categorical knowledge. In the former instance, believing takes the signifier of narratives and absorbing play. In the latter, thought is structured as propositions linked by logical operators. In his research on the development of kids ( 1966 ) , Bruner proposed three manners of representation: enactive representation ( action-based ) , iconic representation ( image -based ) , and symbolic representation ( linguistic communication -based ) . Rather than neatly delineated phases, the manners of representation are integrated and merely slackly consecutive as they interpret into each other. Symbolic representation remains the ultimate manner, for it is clearly the most cryptic of the three. Bruner s theory suggests it is efficacious when faced with new stuff to follow a patterned advance from enactive to iconic to symbolic representation ; this holds true even for grownup scholars. A true instructional interior decorator, Bruner s work besides suggests that a scholar ( even of a really immature age ) is capable of larning any stuff so long as the direction is organized suitably, in crisp contrast to the beliefs of Piaget and other phase theoreticians. ( Driscoll, Marcy ) . Like Bloom s Taxonomy, Bruner suggests a system of coding in which people form a hierarchal agreement of related classs. Each in turn higher degree of classs becomes more specific, repeating Benjamin Bloom s apprehension of cognition acquisition every bit good as the related thought of instructional staging. In 1987 he was awarded the Balzan Prize for Human Psychology for his research encompassing all of the most of import jobs of human psychological science, in each of which he has made significant and original parts of theoretical every bit good as practical value for the development of the psychological modules of adult male ( motive of the Balzan General Prize Committee ) . I took this information about Bruner from a web site, and from the notes I took from their I know that Bruner argues that as kids get older, they want and do get down doing selected determinations for themselves. Bruner argued that the determinations and thoughts form as the kids goes through more experiences and as things happen in their lives, go forthing them to a point where they have to do their ain determinations and picks. Chomsky Chomsky was a lingual theoretician, get downing with his Syntactic Structures, a distillment of his Logical Structure of Linguistic Theory ( 1955, 75 ) , challenges structural linguistics and introduces transformational grammar. This theory takes vocalizations ( sequences of words ) to hold a sentence structure which can be characterized by a formal grammar ; in peculiar, a context-free grammar extended with transformational regulations. The paragraph above relates to the phases of when kids develop the apprehension and ability to logically construction sentences and supply a significance to them. Childs are hypothesized to hold an unconditioned cognition of the basic grammatical construction common to all human linguistic communications ( i.e. , they assume that any linguistic communication which they encounter is of a certain restricted sort ) . This innate cognition is frequently referred to as cosmopolitan grammar. It is argued that patterning cognition of linguistic communication utilizing a formal grammar histories for the productiveness of linguistic communication: with a limited set of grammar regulations and a finite set of footings, worlds are able to bring forth an infinite figure of sentences, including sentences no 1 has antecedently said. He has ever acknowledged his debt to Trouble for his modern impression of an expressed productive grammar. This is related to Rationalist thoughts of a priori cognition, in that it is non due to see. This means that kids are given new words and vocabulary to larn, giving them state of affairss and illustration with the words in that will do them happy, assisting them to larn new lingual accomplishments and set them into pattern, in their mundane lives. Cognitive and linguistic communication development of older kids Language and cognitive develop in kids is when the encephalons development of address, words and phrases. As kids s idea processes become more organized their understanding broadens much more cognitively. Developing this apprehension involves an ability to develop thoughts, or constructs to hold on abstract thoughts, this means the kid s ability to ground and job solve extends. 0-3 In the first few months taking to old ages of life, kids are invariably interacting wit their parents and important others in their lives. At such a immature age kids s cognitive development will be really basic, yet really of import in their lives. Their cognitive accomplishments they that they develop at this phase will broaden, and develop into farther accomplishments, that will intend they can make more things for themselves, and do more determinations for themselves. Developing linguistic communication accomplishments at such a immature age will intend they can spread out on vocabulary and other talking accomplishments as they get older and travel into instruction. Some kids in the early twelvemonth s phases find it harder than others to give an exact transcript of words, and may merely ‘babble , this is wholly normal, and parents and defenders should nt worry that their kids are behind as ; some take longer than other to intellectually develop. This relates to every kid will develop at different phases, but in the same sequence. All kids, of any age enjoy experimenting and seeking out new things, at age 0-3, a batch of kids will touch anything they can acquire their custodies on, including seting them in their oral cavities, for immature kids this is a manner of researching new stuffs, and judging what they like and do nt wish, surprisingly this will associate to linguistic communication development, as they like to state the words they enjoy, for illustration if a kid likes apples, they will frequently seek to state ‘apples ; and will recognize an apple when put in forepart of them. For kids aged0-3, no kid will be able to construction perfect sentences, and a batch of the clip the things kids at this age say do nt do any sense and the kid themselves do nt cognize what they are stating, and its merely a affair of reiterating what they have heard and seting it together. The spiels in which kids will develop at this age will depend on how they Learn and accept new experiences. Each kid will desire to larn new things, where as merely some will set new accomplishments and thoughts into pattern. Factors that may impact kids s development is who they grow up with, for illustration turning up in a on the job category household, with unemployed parents, and no makings, will impact how the kid learns, this includes through stuffs, verbal communicating and their societal lives. So, it is clear that when a kid is between the ages 0 and 3, it s of import that they are communicated with in the right ways, and praised instead than disciplined for the new, even if incorrect things they learn. 3-7 At the age of 3-7, kids are normally in a attention puting or instruction. Merely from being in a scene they will be larning new things everyday, this includes new experiences that will impact them for their whole lives. Language development, by this age will be widening and broadening so much that kids will be talking in fluxing sentences, and cognizing the significance of most words they put into their sentences. Intellectually kids at this age will be developing quickly, every word they hear will programme into their encephalons whether they use the words themselves or non. 7-12 Age 7-12, is the ages where kids are most developed in what they are stating, they have been through the first portion of primary school, and harmonizing to mileposts should be believing for themselves, and have developed a good imaginativeness. They will be able to utilize technological things such as computing machines, and have a basic apprehension of literacy and maths, being able to work independently. 12-16 This is the secondary phases of instruction, and they will hold enjoyed and experienced many different state of affairss. Their apprehension of the universe is logical and they can come up with their ain decisions of things, for illustration ethical motives. A batch of kids at this age are interested in design and in working theoretical accounts, as its really inventive, and showing their imaginativeness is fun to them.

The Gothic Architectural Style

The Gothic style represents a period of sculpture in Spain characterized by sculpture â€Å"curved in stone, marble, and alabaster, and often painted,† (Anonymous, 2011). Most of the sculptures from in this style were influenced by the Romanesque style which was widely used at the beginning of the 11th century.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Gothic Architectural Style specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Romanesque sculpture mainly concerned itself with the decoration of moldings, tympanums and capitals. These sculptures were normally formal and portraying no emotions and were mostly dominated by narrative biblical characters representing religious beliefs of the time. The Romanesque style had also carried with it some of the Byzanite elements which also formed a basis for the Gothic sculptures. For example, â€Å"The Byzantine influenced sculptural decoration of the Romanesque churches became an importa nt source of inspiration for the carved figures adorning both the interior and exterior of the Gothic Cathedrals in the ÃŽle de France,† (Anonymous, 1996). The Mosan goldsmiths also contributed to the Gothic style. this is because they were the first ones to make high quality objects from precious metals such as enamel, gold and silver. Their art with the three-dimensional form, and natural-looking features making them look realistic heavily impacted on the France stone sculptors. From then, most of the stone sculptures aped the naturalistic work of the Mosan style. Most of the subjects adopted include Jesus Christ probably on the cross, The Virgin Mary, but varied depending on the religious convictions of the particular artist. These subjects are derived from the biblical teachings with the figure of Christ being shown to be consecrated. Other statues include the saints and other biblical figures, the composition of which depicts the Descent from the holy cross to having a special importance. The sculptures made were to portray both religious themes for example Last Judgment, the coronation of Mary the Virgin, as well as semi-pagan themes including the Zodiac Signs, Virtues and the Vices etc. There were also carvings of grotesque figures mostly the gargoyles and marmosets as well as vegetative or organic motifs which could be inside or outside such buildings. As they continued, the subject opened up and become very clear and complicated but still maintained the biblical perspective. The sculptors of this age were based on the Etruscans techniques from which they developed the vaulting system which was mainly used in the Romanesque style.Advertising Looking for essay on architecture? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The Gothic Style adjusted from the Romanesque heavier style which was formed from solid stone vault, into a lighter, enhanced style that was a combination of the Romanesque and Islamic habit of using the pointed curve and cross-ribbed vault. Most architects started using the groined vault as opposed to the barrel vault which they reinforced with ribs instead, to support the vault’s weight. The groin vault reinforced with ribs could be made much thinner unlike the cross-ribbed. This in effect resulted into much lighter and heightened exteriors, as opposed to the massive Romanesque vaults, and which enabled opening up of the internal space of large buildings such as churches. Social, political and religious influence on Gothic Style The Gothic sculpture reached its peak of lightness despite social conflicts existing in the times. Several contemporary historians have recently discussed a detail of that period. During the twelfth century, the handicrafts found themselves associating with guilds of craft as a pathway to fighting for their freedom from monarchial oppression to governing of towns. This they achieved by the conclusion of thirteenth century when de legates of the craft guilds became the governors of most free towns, notwithstanding the events resulting from the Battle of Courtray. The Gothic colorless white-grey interior was inspired by the idea of a temple standing on white marble to represent chastity (William, 1889). Most of the contemporary Gothic architecture has been associated with such great names of traditional artists as Van Eyck and Giotto. With time, political and economic changes saw the beauty of the Gothic sculptures diminish gradually. The society started changing towards the formation of new social classes to adapt to the new production system. Politically, bureaucracy was setting in with more concern to nationalism as well as formation of a new religion to fit the newly developed theory of life. In other words, it was the age of commercialization. This new age caused the degradation of the gothic art, though in itself it was necessary for the full birth of commerce and commercial politics, (Applied History Re search Group, 1998). Giotto di Bondone Giotto di Bondone was one of the most popular artists in this age who happened to be a student of Duccio (Johnson, 2011). He was born in Vespignano somewhere close to Florence, which also became his death place. He was very innovative in his paintings. He is the one who painted the murals in the Arena Chapel which represents scenes adopted from the life of Christ one of the most recent murals showing the Last Judgment. His figures are solid with a simplicity lacking in others and which take on a three-dimension form.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Gothic Architectural Style specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More His point of view was closer to the picture plane allowing an interaction between the picture and the viewer, thus bringing in a feeling of intimacy. Their size is big enough to bring in an element of reality in the figures. His work has always been celebrated both d uring and after his lifetime. References Anonymous. (2011). Gothic Sculpture in Spain, Retrieved from https://www.wga.hu/tours/spain/s_13_15.html Anonymous. (1996). Introduction: Flowering of the Gothic, pages 17-20, Vol. 4 No. 2, Athena Review. Johnson, M. (2011). Learn About Giotto in Art History, View His Art and Famous  Paintings, Art History. Famous Artists Paintings. William, M. (1889). Gothic Architecture, Retrieved from https://www.marxists.org/archive/morris/works/1889/gothic.htm Applied History Research Group. (1998). The End of Europe’s Middle Ages: Visual Arts, University of Calgary: Applied History Research Group. This essay on The Gothic Architectural Style was written and submitted by user Galilea L. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Chester Zoo Essay Example

Chester Zoo Essay Once registered, charities have to obey a number of rules, which include regulations covering trustees, accounts, finances and management. Those that are registered as companies have to comply with company law too. A registered charity is not allowed to have political objectives or take part in political lobbying other than in a generally educational sense. What might happen if it was a business (LTD or PLC)?  If Chester Zoo was a business (Ltd or PLC) they would lose numerous customers. Also if they were a business they would have to give money raised out to shareholders so there will be less to spend on the animals. All of the money made by the zoo through entry fees, second spend etc will have to be given out in percentages to the shareholders in the business. So the zoo will not have much money to spend on the animals, this may lead to diseases to the animals and later on deaths. We will write a custom essay sample on Chester Zoo specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Chester Zoo specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Chester Zoo specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The reason why I stated in the paragraph above that if Chester Zoo was a business (Ltd or PLC) they would lose numerous customers is that they really would. This is because if Chester Zoo was a Public Limited Company (plc) the general public will first if all would not give money to the zoo (donations) because the public would think that a plc like Chester Zoo would make millions and wouldnt help any charities so why should they help. But if Chester Zoo was a Charity limited by Guarantee which they currently are, this would be a good thing for them because people always like to help charities and also they know that charities dont get any funding by the government so there is a more likely chance that people would give money to charities more than plcs, Ltd etc. Also limited amounts of capital can be raised. Shares cannot be sold to the public if money was needed quickly because if Chester Zoo were a business and were to make good profits than the current shareholders wont want to sell their shares, this may lead to disruptions and would-be shareholders who would like to invest in the zoo will stop hoping. And when investors are needed for Chester Zoo there wont be any available. Furthermore if Chester Zoo were to be a business shareholders will first have to all agree for a share to be sold otherwise it cannot happen, for example if most of the shareholders at Chester Zoo didnt want one shareholder to be at the zoo, everyone else will have to agree, if they dont the shareholder will still stay. If Chester Zoo had in excess of 100 shareholders it would be very easy for the business to lose control, communication might be sent wrong which may lead to mayhem. As well as easy to lose control of the business, Chester Zoo can be taken over by bids from members of the public; members already at the zoo might not like the fact that an ordinary man or women will become a shareholder in such a massive business. In addition to that people (investors) might not be interested in buying shares as the zoo would be more interested in the welfare of the animals rather that the welfare of the shareholders. For example Chester Zoos Mission Statement is The role of the Zoo is to support and promote conservation by breeding threatened species, by excellent animal welfare, high quality public service, recreation, education and science This statement doesnt say anything about the welfare of shareholders. This may prevent investors from investing into the business as they may assume that they are not part of the Chester Zoo family.

Evolution Of Forensic Psychology (300 Level Underg Essays

Evolution Of Forensic Psychology (300 Level Underg Essays Evolution Of Forensic Psychology (300 Level Undergraduate) The discipline of clinical psychology is evolving. Clinical psychologists are no longer limited to couches and working out of their own offices. They are now being put in the stand in courtrooms all over the world. Not because they are on trial themselves, however. Rather, they are there to share their expertise in areas that involve an individual in legal matters. The field of forensic psychology has grown in the 21st century because courtrooms recognize the value of psychologists testimonies to help juries reach a clearer verdict. Not only that, but psychologists can help identify competence to stand trial, perform psychological autopsies and criminal profiling, and also aid in child custody cases. Like all fields in psychology, forensics has many perspectives. This walk-through of forensic psychology will discuss the history, methods, and prospects for the future of this field. Perspectives and History There is not a singular function that clinical psychologists perform in the legal system. Rather, there are many different roles and areas that they can undertake. For example, they can focus on law enforcement psychology, the psychology of litigation, correctional psychology, and forensic psychology (Nietzel, Bernstein, & Milich, 1998). However, the latter is our main focus. Forensic psychology involves many different areas in which clinical psychologists can be considered experts in: competency to stand trial and criminal responsibility, psychological damages in civil trials, civil competencies, psychological autopsies and criminal profiling, and child custody and parental fitness (Nietzel et al., 1998). Methods of Intervention and Change The reason why criminal competence is necessary to establish is because according to United States law, the criminal must understand the nature and purpose of the proceedings. This is required for several reasons. First, if the defendant is competent, the results of the trial are more likely to be accurate. Second, it would be considered immoral to sentence a convicted defendant of something that he or she doesnt understand. Lastly, the whole theory behind our judicial system relies on the defendant being able to defend his or herself in court. If the defense believes the defendant was not competent at the time of the unlawful act, the defense can plead not guilty by reason of insanity. Then forensic psychologists can testify whether or not they believe the defendant is insane or not. If the defendant is found to be insane, then the judge sentences him or her to a mental institution until the judge is convinced that the defendant is ready to be released. If the defendant is not found to be insane, then the trial proceeds. Several rules have been made in determining insanity, which have changed over the years to accommodate changing standards. Such rules include the McNaughton, Durham, and ALI rule (Nietzel et al.,1998). Forensic psychologists also examine psychological damages in civil trials. One of their duties is to decide whether these damages were due to the tort, which is the wrongful act that causes harm to an individual. The psychologist performs assessments similar to regular clinical assessments that include social history, clinical interview, psychological testing, and available records. After the assessment, the expert decides if the psychological damage was present before the tort, or if it occurred due to the tort. Another duty of forensic psychologists is to examine workers compensation cases. They must decide how long the worker needs to recover from mental damages that their work-place may have caused. Similar to the tort cases, the expert must discover whether the injury was due to the place of employment or if it was already present (Nietzel et al., 1998). Civil competencies deal with whether or not a person is able to understand information that is used to make decisions and then act accordingly. Examples include whether a person is capable of managing financial situations, or if he or she is able to choose or refuse medical treatment. Scholars have agreed that four abilities are necessary to make decisions competently: understanding information pertaining to the decision to be made, applying that information with concern to the consequences of the decision, thinking rationally to evaluate strategies, and the communication of the decision. It is up to the clinical psychologist to determine if the person is making a rational decision by means of

Multiple Linear Regression Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Multiple Linear Regression - Assignment Example It penalizes the model for including too many parameters that do not contribute much in explaining the original variance. It is a modification of R2. 3. Multicollinearity is a statistical phenomenon in which two or more predictor variables in a multiple regression model are highly correlated resulting to inter-associations among independent variables. This means that one can be linearly predicted from the rest that have non-tribal degree of accuracy. Multicollinearity is a problem because it makes the data unreliable. Multicollinearity is measured using the variance inflation factor that assesses how much the variance of an estimated regression coefficient increases if the predictors are correlated, if not then the variance inflation factor becomes 1. e. From the residual vs. fitted graph, the residuals appear randomly around zero line. This indicates that the assumption of linearity is reasonable. The normal q-q plot shows that the points re lined up on the identity line and thus, the dependent and independent variables are comparable. Scale-location plot shows that there is a downward trend in residuals. Cook’s distance’s graph shows that observation 4, 15 and 25 are influential in the model. f. There are outliers in the variables Flux, East and South. Outliers in Flux are observation 19 and 25 which are ==40.6. Thus, we drop observations with outliers in East and South variables. Additionally, observation 4, 15 and 25 are considered to be influential in the dataset. e. The residual vs. fitted graph shows that residuals appear randomly around the zero line. This indicates that the assumption of linearity is reasonable. The normal q-q plot shows that the points re lined up on the identity line and thus, the dependent and independent variables are comparable. Scale-location plot shows that there is a downward trend in